Ap Art History 41 42 and 43 Quizlet Ancient Mediterrnean
Chapter 03 - Art of Ancient Egypt
AP Art History
Egyptian Art
INTRODUCTION: The pyramids and sphinx of Egypt correspond monuments that were built by a people who dominated Mid Eastern life for thousands of years.
CHRONOLOGY:Three major periods of Egyptian history
- Old Kingdom 2670-2150 BCE
- Centre Kingdom 2150-1800 BCE
- New Kingdom 1550-1070 BCE (includes Amarna menstruum-1370-1350 BCE)
Old Kingdom
Prior to the emergence of the Old Kingdom, in that location exixted a Pre-dynastic period in Egypt. The Pre-dynastic period lasted from 4350-3150 BCE. It was a fourth dimension of social and political transition. Finally in 3150, nether the leadership of Menes, Upper and Lower Egypt were united as ane kingdom. From this fourth dimension on, pharaoh'southward (single rulers from the same family or dynsaty) ruled Egypt equally absolute kings who received their powers from the gods.
It was during the Old Kingdom, that the traditions and standards of Egyptian art were established. Rules of construction and composition were established between Dynasty Iii and IV.
- Palette of Narmer Dynasty I, (fig. 3-four), c3150-3125 BCE
ARCHITECTURE-One of the nigh important figures in Egyptian architecture was Imhotep, chancelor and court architect under Djoser (2nd ruler: Dynasty Three). During the Early on Dynastic catamenia, funerary rites became an essential part of Egyptian culture. In keeping with this, the Egyptians created elaborate structures to help protect and preserve the bodies of the dead.
Mastabas, flat topped, one-story buildings were first erected above underground burying chambers. Mastabas were replaced during Dynasty III and IV to create elaborate and expensive pyramids to house their remains.
- Stepped Pyramid of Djoser Dynasty iii, (fig. 3-eight), c2681-2662 BCE
- Wall of N Palace, w/ engaged columns, Dynasty 3 (fig.3-nine), c2681-2662
- Great Pyramids Dynasty iv, (fig. 3-10), c2601-2515 BCE
- Peachy Sphinx Dynasty 4, (fig. iii-xiv), c2570-2544 BCE
SCULPTURE-Sculpted statues of themselves were very important to the pharaohs as a means of perpetuating their memories and protecting their "ka". All early on Egyptian sculpture is characterized past (1) compactness (ii) symmetry of form and (3) its block-like shape
- Khafre Dynasty 3, (fig. 3-13), c2570-2544 BCE
- Menkaure and His Wife Dynasty iv, (fig. 3-15), c2515 BCE
- Seated Scribe Dynasty 5, (fig. 3-17), c2510-2460 BCE
RELIEF SCULPTURE & PAINTING-Relief sculpture and painting were two means used to decorate the interior walls of the tombs and create pleasant eternal living quarters for the deceased's "ka".
Center Kingdom
One hundred years of political disorder followed the finish of the 6th Dynasty. regional overlords struggled for power and were besides weak to protect the empire from invaders from Western asia.
Compages-The compages of the flow was on a much smaller scale than that of the Ols Kingdom. Pharaohs nevertheless wanted pyramids but lacked the funds and social stability to reach the task of building on such a grand scale. Tombs became much smaller, cut from rock, with the simply access via a steep rampway.
- Rock cut Tomb of Amenemhet Dynasty 12, (fig.3-21), c1991-1785 BCE
SCULPTURE-Due to the division of power, 2 schools of representation emerged. In the north, artists copied the idealized images found within the grand tombs of Old Kingdom pharaohs. In the south, artists did not have these images to copy.Their regal statues brandish a movement towards a more natural imagery.
- Senwosret Dynasty 12, (fig. 3-24), c1878-1842 BCE
- Portrait of Sesostris III Dynasty 12, c1875-1825 BCE
New Kingdom
True order and stability was non re-established until Dynasty xviii. With the new era of peace and prosperity came a render to the structure of large temple complexes.The rulers of Dynasties 18-twenty congenital more architectural and sculptural monuments than all of the other dynastic periods combined. The majority of the construction took place around the capital metropolis of Thebes. During Dynasty xviii there was a radical change in the traditional Egyptian civilisation. This claiming came during the reign of Amenhotep IV, who questioned the power of the priest class and introduced the new form of organized religion closely associated with the sun-disk god, Aten. Amenhotep changed his name to Akhenaten and moved the capital to Tell-el-Amarna.
ARCHITECTURE-New Kingdom compages was built on a monumental calibration. The temple became the virtually representative of the Egyptian buildings, due to the tremendous power of the priest form. The archetype New Kingdom temple had seven elements, all bundled on the aforementioned axis.Entry into the diverse rooms of the temple was based upon social class.
- Swell Temple of Amun Dynasty 19, (fig. 3-30), c1294-1212 BCE
- Temple of Amun, Pylon of Ramesses 2 Dynasty 19, (fig. 3-31), c1279-1212 BCE
- Temples of Ramesses Two and Nefertari Dynasty 19, (fig. 3-35), c1279-1212 BCE
- Funerary Temple of Hatshepsut, Deir el-Bahri, Dynasty 20, (fig. three-33), c2009-1997 BCE
SCULPTURE & PAINTING-Sculptural monuments to the pharaohs, designed as simplified cubic blocks became very pop during the New Kingdom. The shape of the cube emphasized the belief that the "ka" could find an eternal home within the block statue portraits. Wall paintings as well continued in the traditions established in before kingdoms.
- Senmut with Princess Nefrua Dynasty 18, c1490-1460 BCE
AKHENATON AND THE AMARNA PERIOD
Amenhotep IV came to the throne in 1352 BCE. During his seventeen twelvemonth reign, the traditional Egyptian culture was challenged to its very roots. Amenhotep Four founded a new religion that no longer honored many gods, just focused on honoring a unmarried supreme being, Aten, the lord's day-deejay god. Amenhotep Iv changed his proper name in 1348 BCE to Akhenaten and moved the capital letter from Thebes, north to Akhetaten (mod name Tell-el-Amarna). In improver to changing the social and religious nature of the civilization, a new style of art volition characterize the Amarna Menses.
The art of the Amarna Period volition reverberate a new more naturalistic approach in the rendering of the man figure.Artists volition instill a new sense of life in their reliefs, wall paintings, statuary,
- Akhenaten and His Family Dynasty eighteen, (fig. 3-36), 1348-1336/5 BCE
- Queen Tiy Dynasty eighteen, (fig. 3-37), c1390-1352 BCE
- Queen Nefertiti Dynasty 18, (fig. 3-38) c1348-1336
TUTANKHAMEN AND THE POST-AMARNA Menses
The discovery of the tomb of Male monarch Tutankhamen in 1922 has told archaeologists and art historians more almost the Amarna style than any other source. Perhaps the greatest aspect of the tomb's discovery was the young rex's royal mummy that was placed in the inner most chamber of three nesting coffins. The mummy's actual coffin was made of one quarter ton of golden, inlaid with precious stones.
- Innermost Bury of Rex Tutankhamen Dynasty xviii, (fig. three-40), c1325 BCE
- Death Mask of Tutankhamen Dynasty 18, (fig. 3-41), c1325 BCE
- Painted Chest Dynasty 18, (fig. iii-42), c1325 BCE
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